Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Use Change

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE THE CASE OF CALAMBA CITY, LAGUNA A Research Proposal I. INTRODUCTION A. Signifi bearce of the Study buck and its pulmonary tuberculosiss are essential to each mannikin communities. E genuinely person is shaped in a range of ways by the globescape in which they live, and the products and resources produced on the disgrace. Land and its practises are particularly important for rural communities, where more people are promptly dependent on domain for their livelihood, and the way grime is expendd has a central role in defining the identity of an area and its community.Land as defined by FAO (1976) is an area of earths summon, the contributionistics which cut through all reasonably stable or predictably cyclic attributes of the biosphere vertically above and below this area, including those of the atmosphere, the smirch, the vestigial geology, the hydrology, the plant and animal tribe and the results of the p ast and return human activity, to the extent that these attributes influence on the present and future ingestion of the place down.Land is an important element on earth that is involved in all(prenominal) human activity. This refers to primer design. Land utilisation defined in this way establishes a direct touch on between degrade coer and the actions of people in their environment (Di Gregorio & Jansen, 1998). In restrictive terms, it refers to those activities of man on, in, over and under the earths surface that tend to counterchange the lifelike assign of the impart (Serote, 2004). Land use change is a general term for the human modification of Earths terrestrial surface.Though humans choose been modifying commonwealth to obtain food and new(prenominal) essentials for thousands of years, current rates, extents and intensities of land use change are upstage greater than ever in history, driveway unprecedented changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local anesthetic, regional and international scales. These changes encompass the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including temper change,bio kindloss and the pollution of water, soils and air (Williams et al. , 2008).Land use change advise either be by natural cause or man induced. Land use changes made in land imply impact both on human and environment. In socioeconomic terms, land is unrivaled of three major factors of issue in classical economics (a farsighted with labor and capital) and an essential input for ho utilise and food production. Thus, land use is the backbone of agricultural economies and it provides substantial economic and tender benefits. Land use renascence is necessary and essential for economic development and social progress.This land use conversion results to land use change. Environmentally speaking, landuse changes are arguably the most permeative socioeconomic force driving changes and degradation of ecosystems. Deforesta tion, urban development, agriculture, and other human activities have substantially alter the Earths landscape. Such disturbance of the land falls important ecosystem processes and services, which can have wideranging and longterm consequences.There are already studies that have been conducted to determine the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of land use changes in their own respective localities or area of interest. It has been one of the major issues today. correspond to Sala et al. , (2000) land-use changes are so permeative that, when aggregated ball-shapedly, they significantly affect key aspects of Earth body functioning. They directly impact biotic diversity creative activitywide contribute to local and regional climate change (Chase et al. , 1999) as well as to global climate warming (Houghton et al. 1999) are the primary source of soil degradation (Tolba et al. , 1992) and, by altering ecosystem services, affect the ability of biological systems to support hum an needs (as cited by Lambin et al. , 2001). Calamba, as a fast outgrowth urban center in Laguna had made different land use changes in its locality. Land use changes here occur due to different conversion of agricultural based lands into industrial and commercial uses. various natural phenomenon like flooding contributed also it the changes in land in Calamba. With this development, there are many impacts that took place.In this study, it would primarily focus on the impacts of land-use change in ten different barangays of Calamba city, Laguna. Identifying the impacts of land-use change would help the local government unit to make necessary actions to either improve dictatorial or prevent negatively charged impacts in the said locality. Proper policy actions can be developed, too. The results of the study will provide information to researchers, planners and decision makers for better comprehensive land use planning. B. Review of Literature This section has literature link up to the research study.Different books, journal articles floors were investigated to conceptualize and explore knowledge gap in the study of land use change at the local context Land-use and land- pass change induced by both human activities and natural feedbacks have converted epic proportion of the planets land surface (Shi, 2008). Land occasion and Land Use Change Every parcel of land on the Earths surface is unique in the cover it possesses. Land use and land cover are distinct yet closely linked characteristics of the Earths surface. Land use is the manner in which human beings use the land and its resources.Examples of land use include agriculture, urban development, grazing, logging, and mining. In contrast, land cover describes the physical state of the land surface. Land cover categories include cropland, forests, wetlands, pasture, roads, and urban areas. The term land cover originally referred to the kind and state of vegetation, such as forest or grass cover, but it has broadened in subsequent customs duty to include human structures such as buildings or pavement and other aspects of the natural environment, such as soil theatrical role, biodiversity, and surface and stainwater (Meyer, 1995).Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. A change in either, however, is not necessarily the product of the other. Changes in land cover by land use do not necessarily imply a degradation of the land. However, many transmutation land use patterns, driven by a shape of social causes, result in land cover changes that affect biodiversity, water and radiation budgets, trace gas emissions and other processes that, cumulatively, affect global climate and biosphere (Riebsame, Meyer, & Turner, 1994).Land cover can be altered by forces other than anthropogenic. Natural events such as weather, flooding, fire, climate fluctuations, and ecosystem dynamics may also initiate modifications upon land cover. Globally, land cover today is altered in general by direct human use by agriculture and livestock raising, forest harvesting and management, and urban and suburban construction and development. There are also incidental impacts on land cover from other human activities such as forests and lakes damaged by acid rain from fossil fuel combustion (Meyer, 1995).Changes in land cover driven by land use can be categorize into two fibers modification and conversion. Modification is a change of condition within a cover type for example, unmanaged forest modified to a forest managed by selective cutting. Significant modifications of land cover can occur within these patterns of land cover change. Conversion is a change from one cover type to another, such as deforestation to create cropland or pasture.Conversion land cover changes such as deforestation have been the focus of many global change research agendas (Riebsame, Meyer and Turner, 1994). Serote in 2004 stated that conversion of land on the other hand can b e classified into irreversible and reversible conversion. It is reversible if the soil cover and landforms are not substantially changed and therefore present a variety of options for future use (for example croplands can be converted to pastures and reverted to croplands again as the need arises).Irreversible conversion occurs when the original character of the land is changed to such a degree that the reversal to its former use or condition becomes very difficult if not impossible. Example of this is open pit mining and quarrying. The loss of rainforests throughout the tropical regions of the world as a result of deforestation for timber resources and conversion to agricultural lands has become a report of global attention with the aid of widespread media coverage. Research specialists such as Skole and Tucker (1993), Skole et al. (1994), and Kummer and Turner (1994) exercise extensive studies in an attempt to bring further attention to this situation by focusing on the social implications and the environmental degradation associated with tropical deforestation in the Amazon of South America and in Southeast Asia. Yet, with all the research, awareness, and attention of the world, this potentially devastating phenomenon continues. Modeling land use change In a research study made by Lim, Pijanowski and Engel in 2005, they employed a land use model called Land Transformation Model (LTM).The LTM model is designed to forecast land use change over large regions. It relies on GIS, artificial neural network routines (ANNs), remote sleuthing and customized geo spacial tools. The driving variables include a variety of social, political and environmental factors, such as distance to transportation, proximity to amenities (such as rivers, lakes, and recreational site), density of surrounding agriculture, exclusive zones, and population growth. Information derived from an historical analysis of land use change is used to conduct forecast studies.The model is a desk top computer application, and it primarily follows four sequential steps (1) processing/coding of data to create spatial layers of predictor variables (2) applying spatial rules that relate predictor variables to land use transitions for each location in an area the resultant layers integrate input variables values in grid format (3) integrating all input grids using one of the three techniques, including multi-criteria evaluation, ANNs, and logistic regression and (4) temporally scaling the amount of transitions in the study area in order to create a time series of possible future land uses.Detailed descriptions of the LTM can be found elsewhere (Pijanowski et al. , 2000) The LTM model has been applied and validated in a variety of locations around the world to help understand what factors are most important to land use changes and to sham land use change in the past, present and future (Pijanowski et al. , 2000). It also offers the ability to link changes in land use to ecologi cal process models, such as groundwater flow and solute transport (Boutt et al. , 2001) and forest cover change (Brown et al. , 2000). urbanization and Land Use ChangeAt least two broad urbanization pathways lead to different impacts on rural landscapes. In the developed world, large-scale urban agglomerations and extended peri-urban settlements fragment the landscapes of such large areas that various ecosystem processes are threatened. Ecosystem fragmentation, however, in peri-urban areas may be offset by urban-led demands for conservation and recreational land uses (Sack, 1992). urbanization affects land change elsewhere through the transformation of urban-rural linkages. Urbanization in the less-developed world outbids all other uses for land adjacent to the city, including prime croplands.Cities attract a significant proportion of the rural population by way of permanent and circulatory migration, and the wages earned in the city are practically remitted by migrants to rural h omelands, in some cases transforming the use of croplands and creating remittance landscapes. Perhaps most importantly, this urbanization changes ways of life ultimately E. F. Lambin et al. , (2001) associated with demographic transitions, increasing expectations slightly consumption, and potentially a weakened understanding of productionconsumption relationships noted for the well-developed world.Rapid land-use changes often coincide with the incorporation of a region into an expanding world economy (Lambin, et al. , 2001). contrary Sensing In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the measurement or acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate border with the object. It is the utilization at a distance (as from aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, or ship) of any device for aggregateing information about the environment. The technique can make use of devices such as a camera, laser, radar, sonar, seismograph or a g ravimeter.Modern remote sensing normally includes digital processes but can be done as well with non-digital rules. temporary hookup all astronomy could be considered remote sensing (in fact, extremely remote sensing) the term remote sensing is normally only applied to terrestrial observations. Examples of remote sensing are very numerous. For example a. topographical maps were often produced from stereographic pairs of aerial photographs. Trained personnel would then trace the shape of the land into maps. b.Earthquakes are determined (after the fact) by comparing seismograms taken at different locations the relative intensity and precise timing digest information about the location and nature. c. Digital elevation maps can be produced by interferometric synthetic aperture radar, a process in which an aircraft, spacecraft or satellite passes over the target area while emitting a series of radar pulses. Combining the data from these pulses yields a detailed map containing inform ation about ground cover and possibly elevation or movement on a scale of centimeters.The data commonly covers a many kilometers wide (Gupta & Parakash 1998). Profile of the metropolis Calamba City is a first class city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. Situated only 54 kilometers south of Manila, about an hour by hired bus, Calamba City is a popular tourist destination with its hot spring resorts. It also an important raw industrial center in CALABARZON region as shown by the larger number of industrial set and business estates that are located in the city. According to 2006 census, it has a population of 360,281 inhabitants. CLUP, 2010-2015) It is reported that this city is among the fast-paced growing urban centers in the Region. Calamba city is famous for its historical tribute as the hometown of our national hero. According to the NAMRIA in 1999, residential sector takes up 48% of the total land area, while 44% is deal for Industrial use. The commercial sector only c onsumes 3% of the total land area the other 5% consist of other land uses. C. Objectives of the Study The general objective of this study is to determine the socio-economic and environmental impacts of land-use conversion at the local level.Specifically, this study endeavors 1) To map out the current land use situation of Calamba City using GIS (to see the historical land use situation of the said locality) 2) To identify both the positive and negative impacts of land-use conversion in six barangays of Calamba City 3) To identify causes of land-use conversions and land use change 4) To measure the existing policy and mitigation strategies to the impacts of land use conversion and 5) To propose recommendations on comprehensive land use planning of Calamba City.D. Date and Place of Study The survey and other data gathering method (Key informant interviews and focus group discussion) will be conducted from June, 2012 to August, 2012 in selected barangays in Calamba City. Analysis and interpretation of data will be done from September, 2012 to November 2012. The researcher aims to finish the study by January, 2013. II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A. Materials Secondary Maps of 150,000 scale (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, semipolitical boundary) Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Calamba City Satellite Imagery (30 meters soundness Terralook ASTER cipher) Geographic Information System (GIS) Software (ArcInfo Desktop) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver Semi-structured questionnaires B. Methodology Secondary data collection Secondary data will be self-contained primarily from the City of Calamba, Laguna to serve as baseline information for the study area.These shall include the CLUP report of Calamba City, secondary baseline maps in digital and print format (Topographic, Land Use/Land Cover, Political boundary). Other pertinent information (demographic, economic) shall be likewise collected and consolidated from other government agencies (Nationa l Statistics Coordination Board, division of Interior and Local Government etc. ). Primary data collection The freely downloadable 30 meters resolution satellite imagery will be requested from United State Geological Society (USGS) website (http//glovis. usgs. gov). This shall be utilized in the generation of p-to-date land use map of the study area. ArcInfo Desktop GIS software shall be utilized in the generation of the baseline maps, spatial analyses and land use classification. All GIS maps shall have general Transverse Mercator (UTM) North Zone 51 format projection and WGS1984 datum. Unsupervised image classification. An unsupervised image classification will be done for aster satellite imagery. This image classification will serve as the basis for the supervised classification. These classifications will be validated thru ground truthing and high-resolution satellite imagery of google earth.Supervised classification. The readying units or signatures of the different land use s will be prepared in ArcInfo Desktop by digitizing at least 100 polygons for each land uses. Supervised image classification will proceed using maximum likelihood method for the final landuse maps. Household survey, Key Informant Interview and Focus conclave Discussions (FGD). Key Informant Interview (KII) will be conducted to selected LGU officials of the City of Calamba with emphasis on the issues and concerns related to land use, as well as the perceived socio-economic impacts of land use in their locality.Similarly, a Focus group Discussion (FGD) will be done to gather relevant information base on the consensus of indiscriminately selected barangay officials and residents of the City of Calamba. A random household survey will also be conducted using semi-structured questionnaire to gather basic household demographic information, as well as knowledge and perception on the socio-economic impacts of land use change. III. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS Particulars Estimated Cost Remarks I.Data Gathering A. Travel Php 9,000. 00 Includes ground truthing and validation B. Supplies and Materials 4,000. 00 C. Sundries 1.Contractual services (field guide, enumerators) 12,000. 00 Hiring of field guides and enumerator 2. Photocopying 1,000. 00 II. Writing of Thesis A. Computerization/Typing 4,000. 00 III.Reproduction/Printing 6,000. 00 TOTAL Php36,000. 00 REFERENCES Food and Agiculture Organization. 1976. Land quality indicators aspects of land use, land, soil and plant nutrients. Rome, Italy (Retrieved from http//www. fao. org/docrep/W4745E/w4745e0b. htm) Gupta, R. P. , & Prakash, A. 998, Reflection aureoles associated with thermal anomalies due to subsurface mine fires in the Jharia Coalfield, India. supranational daybook of Remote Sensing, pp. 2619-2622. Lambin, E. F. , Turner II, B. L. , Geist, H. J. , Agbola, S. B. , Angelsen, A. , Bruce, J. W. , et al. , 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change moving beyond the myths. Global En vironmental Change 11 (4), 261269. Meyer, W. B. 1995. bypast and Present Land-use and Land-cover in the U. S. A. (Retrieved from http//www. gsdi. rg/gsdiconf/gsdi10/papers/TS48. 1paper. pdf) Serote, E. M. 2004. Property, patrimony, and territory Foundations of Land Use planning in the Philippines. School of Urban and Regional Planning, DIliman Quezon City. Shi, W. Z. 2008. Spatial Data Transformation in Urban Geographic Information Systems,Technologies and Applications in Urban Geographical Information Systems. Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House, 1996, pp. 59-69. Skole,D. L. & Tucker, C. J. 1993. Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon. Retrieved from http//www. ciesin. org/docs/002-115/002-115. html) Turner, B. L. & Meyer, W. B. 1991. Land use and land cover in global environmental change Considerations for study. International Social Sciences Journal 130, 669667 Williams, M. Richardson, D. , Reichstein, M. , Stoy, P. C. , Peylin, P. , et al. , 2008. Improving land surface models with Fluxnet data. Published in Biogeosciences. (Retrieved from http//www. geos. ed. ac. uk/homes/pstoy/WilliamsBG09. pdf) C. Detailed Schedule of Activities